MATTER EXISTS INSPITE OF BLACK HOLES !

 MATTER EXISTS INSPITE OF TRILLIONS OF BLACK HOLES - HOW & WHY ?

It may seem like black holes are very common until you look at the total mass of the observable universe, which is about 10 to the 53kg, an obscene number.

If we look at black holes in that context then they are quite actually rare and make up only a tiny fraction of the total mass of the universe. According to a study by NASA, about 0.007% of the universe's mass is in the form of black holes.

That means that for every billion tons of matter, there is only one gram of black hole mass. And most of that mass is concentrated in supermassive black holes, which lurk at the centers of galaxies and have millions or billions of times the mass of our Sun.

Since the very beginning of time, when the universe was born in a hot and dense state known as the Big Bang. In the first fraction of a second, the universe underwent a rapid expansion that created tiny fluctuations in the density and temperature of matter and radiation. These fluctuations were the seeds of galaxies, stars, planets, and everything else we see today.

But not all matter was created equal. Some of it was ordinary matter, made of atoms and molecules that interact with light and form chemical bonds.

This is the stuff we are familiar with, and it makes up about 5% of the universe's mass. The rest was dark matter, a mysterious substance that does not emit or absorb light and only interacts with gravity. Dark matter makes up about 27% of the universe's mass, and it is essential for holding galaxies together and forming large-scale structures.

Dark matter is also one of the biggest mysteries in physics, because we don't know what it is made of or how it behaves. There are many theories and experiments trying to find out its nature, but so far none has succeeded.

One possibility is that dark matter is composed of primordial black holes, which are tiny black holes that formed in the early universe from density fluctuations. These black holes could have a wide range of masses, from less than a gram to more than a billion Suns.

However, this idea faces many challenges and contradictions with observations.

For example, primordial black holes would affect the cosmic microwave background radiation, which is the leftover heat from the Big Bang. They would also produce gravitational waves when they collide or merge with each other or with ordinary black holes.

And they would evaporate over time due to Hawking radiation, releasing energy and particles into space. None of these effects have been detected so far, which puts strong limits on how many primordial black holes there could be and how massive they could be.

Dark matter could also be made of ultralight particles that behave like waves rather than particles. These particles could have masses as small as 10^-22 eV (electronvolts), which is about a billionth of a billionth of a billionth of a billionth of a gram.

For comparison, an electron has a mass of about 0.5 MeV (mega-electronvolts), which is about 10^9 times heavier. These ultralight particles could form large clouds around galaxies and supermassive black holes, influencing their dynamics and evolution.

A recent study by scientists from Hawai'i, Imperial College London, and STFC RAL Space has suggested that supermassive black holes themselves could be the source of dark energy, which is another mysterious component of the universe that makes up about 68% of its mass-energy.

Dark energy is responsible for accelerating the expansion of the universe, overcoming the gravitational attraction between matter. The study found that supermassive black holes grow more than expected over time, which could be explained by them containing vacuum energy, which is a form of dark energy that exists in empty space.

Vacuum energy could also prevent singularities from forming at the centers of black holes, which are points where space and time break down and physics fails to describe what happens.

Instead, vacuum energy could create a repulsive force that balances gravity and prevents matter from collapsing indefinitely. This would mean that black holes are not infinitely dense or infinitely small, but have a finite size and structure.

Black holes are not eating up all the matter in the universe, but rather playing a vital role in shaping it and revealing its secrets. They are not the enemies of matter, but its partners in a cosmic dance that spans billions of years and light-years.

They are not the end of everything, but the beginning of new possibilities and discoveries.